FACTS ARE UNIQUE and need to be displayed effectively to help learners understanding according to Clark (1999). This article will introduce three types of facts and illustrate guidelines of display that are recommended by Clark.

Factual information usually appears as one of the following three formats:
       1. Concrete objects: specific forms, equipment, computer screens
       2. Specific data: dimensions/weight specifications of equipment, features or prices of product
       3. Statements: form of statements that represent unique association among concepts

Concrete facts are best presented via diagram. Clark suggests that in order to reduce cognitive load, use simple line diagram instead of a photo, and use integrating descriptive text into a diagram rather than in a separate table.

Specific Data can be presented in tables or bullet lists. The information on the left will be more easier to read and understand when presented in list. Please move your mouse to the image for sample of a better example. 

Clark suggests using statement form to present facts that are associated among concepts. In our example on the right, there is an embedded factual statement at the bottom about last order.

Gentiana Cheung
Graduate Student
Department of Educational Technology
San Diego State University